12 Exploratory Essay Topics on Cultural Capital

12 Exploratory Essay Topics on Cultural Capital An exploratory article is a type of paper that examines a topic, point or only answers an inquiry. While most are short, they require a serious decent comprehension of the point to dodge monotonous or erroneous substance. Composing an exploratory exposition is no simple accomplishment, particularly on the off chance that it should be on a troublesome subject, for example, â€Å"cultural capital†. Before you leave on your approach to taking a shot at this errand you might need to become familiar with a couple of normal realities about social capital, for example, the accompanying: 1) Cultural Capital Can Exist in Three States Social capital has been partitioned into three separate structures: generalized, regulated and typified. Each varies from the other as far as substance and use in individual’s regular day to day existence. While typified and organized social capital can't be truly possessed or generalized it can be truly claimed. Encapsulated social capital is the thing that you by and large got from your relatives, while organized social capital is accomplished from schools and universities. 2) According to Bourdieu, Cultural Capital is an Area Where Social Inequality is Maintained Pierre Bourdieu has clarified how extraordinary social classes have an alternate arrangement of instructive benefits, information, and so on. The classes that show essential social transmissions are caused by instructive frameworks to reinforce the transmissions. In any case, in transit, the remainder of the social classes is abandoned, naturally offering ascend to social imbalance. Shockingly, this only decreases the social capital present in the given region/city/nation. 3) Embodied Cultural Capital Is Attained Consciously An individual for the most part acquires this type of social capital from his/her antecedents. This capital incorporates examples of conduct, tastes, learning designs, and so on. 4) Institutionalized Cultural Capital Consists of Education This sort of social capital is the acknowledgment that is gotten from establishments, for the most part as instructive benefits. Organized social capital assists individuals with raising their social and money related capital. 5) Objectified Cultural Capitals Are Physical Objects That Could Be Possessed Typified social capital is all that could truly be possessed by an individual, be it a vehicle or even food apportions. This social capital likewise causes one accomplish financial advantage. 6) Early Education Drive Is Promoted among Children to Make Up for Any Cultural Capital Inequalities Since youngsters begin learning at a youthful age, instructive establishments and schools attempt to advance the amassing of social capital. Along these lines it doesn't make a difference if these kids are from various financial classes, they all figure out how to upgrade their social capital. This social capital will assist youngsters with rising and accomplish their own place later on for this world. Social capital is something that you learn at a young age and bring completely through your optional school, secondary school, undergrad school and even doctoral level college. The measure of social capital that you have will decide how effective you will be. As comprehended, the higher the measure of social capital, the better the odds of you being prosperous over the long haul. 7) Cultural Capital Could Be Increased by Exposing Yourself and Your Family to the Likes of Art and Theater Various analyses have been done to comprehend if being presented to social exercises could help increment the social capital accomplished by an individual or a family. In one such examination, five families from various social classes and age bunches were taken to visual expressions displays and social occasions. While some comprehended and perceived these well, others saw it as outside. In any case, specialists are sure that exposing various individuals to social exercises could unquestionably increment social capital of a specific country. 8) Cultural Capital is Acts as an Asset These advantages could be both detectable and subtle, ensuring that we accomplish social advantages and can move up the social stepping stool easily. These advantages assist us with acquiring budgetary capital too. 9) Cultural Capital Promotes Human and Social Capital Human capital joins the character highlights, information and pretty much any sort of information that help in creating a financial estimation of the person being referred to. Then again, social capital is the general estimation of the connections that you have in the general public. Specialists express that social capital, for example, insight, instruction is the thing that improves a person’s human and social capital. 10) Cultural Capital Promotes Health According to a few investigates and studies, wellbeing has an immediate association with social capital, which we don't appear to figure it out. Self-introduction is one of the numerous instances of social capital. Thusly, the individuals who deal with their wellbeing are thus dealing with their self-introduction, which demonstrates that wellbeing has a connect to social capital. Likewise, it has been noticed that various classes that have various arrangements of social capitals adopt an alternate strategy towards keeping up their general wellbeing. 11) Embodied Cultural Capital Has Sub-Types According to Pierre Bourdieu, encapsulated social capital has three subtypes, each has a place with a particular social class. The three subtypes are: regular workers, white collar class and bourgeoisie. 12) Technology is a Form of Cultural Capital In today’s world, innovation is an incredible factor as far as headways in instruction. Not all that shockingly, innovation makes of speedier and better learning. Along these lines, specialists have been seen guaranteeing that specific types of innovation are really social capitals. They have likewise done tests between gatherings of understudies with and with no types of innovation. The outcomes demonstrated that the gathering of students, who were utilizing sure types of innovation, for example, PCs and PCs, to contemplate, performed better than the individuals who didn't. Not exclusively are these realities captivating, they additionally assist us with acknowledging social capital. When you get a total comprehension of the focuses expressed above, it will be less complex to chip away at an exploratory article. Alongside thinking of an outstanding subject to separate and examine, you could likewise write down some strong focuses to make your paper a triumph. Don’t neglect to check our guide that manages explanatory paper on social capital just as 20 points on this issue for you to look over. References: â€Å"Thomas Abel. Social Capital in Heath Promotion.† Susan A. Dumais. Human science of Education. Volume 75, No. 1 (Jan., 2002). pp. 44-68. Eric L. Lesser. (2000). Information and Social Capital: Foundations and Applications. Mick Matthys. (2013). Social Capital, Identity, and Social Mobility: The Life Course of Working-Class University Graduates. Pierre Bourdieu. The Forms of Capital. William E. Arrangement and Timothy K. Beal. (2004). Hypothesis for Religious Studies. Louise C. Johnson. (2009). Social Capitals: Revaluing the Arts, Remaking Urban Spaces.

Car Evaluation Using Neural Network Essay Sample free essay sample

1. Presentation Handwriting affirmation is done in two distinct manners. The first is online affirmation which inspects the characters as the client is pulling them. This strategy is the less difficult of the two. since the framework solitary exchanges with one character at a clasp. A representation of this strategy is character affirmation on an individual computerized partner ( PDA ) . The second kind is disconnected affirmation. In disconnected affirmation the framework must glance at a full gathering of characters on the other hand of just one at a clasp. A representation of this is optical character affirmation ( OCR ) bundle for scanners. This framework will use disconnected character affirmation. When the framework has broken a picture into its single characters. an anxious web will be utilized to locate each single character. Following these characters. each piece great as data sing their areas. are sent to the scanner. The scanner so modifies the single characters into Numbe rss furthermore figures out which image goes to the parser following. In certain occurrences. the scanner should other than infix additional characters. The parser so demands one character at a clasp from the scanner and computes the look. At last. a spring up is shown with the purposeful answer. Figure 1: Example 2. Pictures In this framework. pictures can be contribution to two unique ways. In either occurrence. pictures are required to be dim graduated table. Backing may at long last be included for non-dim graduated table pictures. be that as it may, this was non considered of import for the underlying variant of the framework. The main technique for picture input is with an electronic picture record. The usefulness for replenishing electronic picture documents was incorporated for a few grounds. First. since electronic picture documents do non conservative the picture information no outside libraries were required. Along these lines. change overing the record into a data development utilized by this framework was a lot less difficult. Second. for demonstrating the framework. it is a lot simpler to guide it a rundown of electronic picture pictures to figure rather than using the graphical UI ( GUI ) of the framework to pull preliminary conditions over and again. At last. a future finish of the framework is to give clients to fill pictures access from a scanner. so having the option to oversee picture records will let this to work substantially more simple. The framework by and by does non back up replenishing pictures from a scanner on the grounds that checked pictures commonly have a bunch of clamor ; in preliminaries performed. this clamor caused occupations when hindering up the picture into single characters. Figure 2: Noise in a filtered picture This usefulness will be actualized at a ulterior clasp. Notwithstanding. the framework will hold to filtrate these pictures and tidy up the commotion ( most likely by using a Gaussian channel ) . also, this was simply non executable given the restricted clasp limitations. It is other than a from now on program to incorporate help for other record organizations of pictures ( JPEG. GIF. PNG. and so forth ) . The second strategy included â€Å"drawing† the pictures on the screen through the program’s GUI. This strategy is utilized in the present execution. since it was considered the simplest and quickest for a client. Pictures are drawn by snaping and hauling the pointer around the draw board of the GUI. Eradicating is other than permitted using a similar technique. The client may other than unclutter the full board. At the point when the client is done creating a look the person only taps on the â€Å"Calculate† button. The framework so draws a lineation around ea ch character it finds and shows a spring up joining the purposeful answer Figure 3: Fictional personality hinder up For the undermentioned record. allude to Figure 3 for a graphical outline of each proportion of the system. When a picture has been stacked in the framework ( Step 1 ) . it must be separated into single characters. By and by. the framework checks pels from left to directly until it finds a pixel esteem beneath some limit ( a dark pel has an estimation of 0. what's more, a white pel has an estimation of 255 ) . The framework so makes a bit of jumping box around this pel ( Step 2 ) . Every one of the four sides of this bouncing box is verified whether it crosses any pel underneath this edge esteem. In the event that it does. the container is reached out in that manner. This method is rehashed for each side of the crate until the outskirts of the jumping box cross no pels underneath the edge ( Step 3 ) . This strategy works in simply a few occurrences. since usually this limited box will fuse different characters. A few representations of this s ituation incorporate characters underneath a square root and limits of an implicit. To take these overabundance characters. the delimited gathering of characters is checked in a similar way from various waies. After a character is expelled from the limited gathering of characters. the gathering is checked again until no more characters are expelled ( Step 4 ) . At last. the hopping box of the first character is reproduced since remotion of characters may hold influenced its size ( Step 5 ) . This technique has numerous deformities. It is extremely effective in hindering up characters that are non associated. however, it can't hinder up characters that are associated ( for representation cursive origin ) . Luckily in numerical looks associated characters are remarkable. especially when forming on a figuring machine screen. Henceforth. for the present endeavor this strategy was viewed as worthy. When the picture is separated into its single characters. each character’s area data is put away alongside the pel esteems inside its bouncing box. These pixel esteems are changed over into a 10 pel by 10 pixel portrayal of the character. since the apprehensive web must be given a fixed figure of info pels for all characters. One employment that emerged with this technique was that a few characters. at the point when changed over to a 10 pel by 10 pels portrayal all appear to be identical. For outline. an extremely back to back 1 or deduction ( ) will transform into a square of every dim pel. what's more, the framework will be not able to isolate these from an age mark or denary point (  · ) . Other than. a to some degree inclined 1 will look a bunch like a division mark (/) . To cover with this activity. pictures that are extremely tall and tight are cushioned on the sides with white pels. what's more, pictures that are extremely expansive and short are cushioned on the top and base with white pels. Figure 4: 10?10 employments 3. Anxious Network The apprehensive web utilized for the affirmation of single characters is a feed-forward apprehensive web with four beds. The principal bed contains 100 sources of info. that is. one for each information pel. The final result bed contains a finished result for each character that will be conspicuous by the framework. Valuess for each information pel are sent into a relating hub in the first ( input ) bed. For every hub in the main bed. its information esteem is sent to an actuation map. in this occasion the strategic sigmoid function1. The finished result of this guide is sent to every hub in the accompanying bed. In any case. the finished result it is non sent straight ; each final result is duplicated by some weight before heading out to the hubs in the accompanying bed. Every hub in the accompanying bed sums the entirety of the signs it gets and sends this incentive to its actuation map. This technique rehashes until the finishing up final result vector to the w eb is found. x?= 1 1?e?t 7 For delineation. for the apprehensive web in Figure 5. to figure the final result of hub n+2. each finished result for the old bed ( hubs 2 through n+1 ) must be determined and duplicated by the comparing association weight. This calculation can be spoken to by the undermentioned condition: o n?2=? n?2 n?1 k=2 tungsten n?2. k o K ? O K is the finished result of hub K. ? K is the actuation guide of hub K. also, w K. J is the weight making a trip from hub J to hub K. Figure 5: Sample incredible anxious web To build up the apprehensive web to recognize an individual’s content. a readiness set is made that contains a 10 pictures of each character the framework is to recognize. The framework can execute preferably great when prepared with less over 10 representations of each character ; by and by. 10 was picked to ensure a high level of truth. The client can create with pretty much than 10 of each. be that as it may, 10 is the default and the suggested entirety of each. Each point in this planning set is combined with an ideal finished result vector. This is essentially a 0 vector with the exception of the n-th part. which relates with this character. contains a 1. Next. the angle plunge larning technique is utilized to build up the anxious web. Preparing is finished by seting the loads of the web until the whole slip-up for the readiness set is beneath. 005 a 2 B. where an is the figure of characters being perceived by the framework ( figure of final results for the anxious web ) and B is the figure of each character in the readiness set. This can other than be suspected of as the whole figure of final results when all contributions from the planning set are sent into the anxious web increased by. 005. The whole mix-up is determined by coordinating every individual from the readiness set through the web and figuring the measure of the outright estimations of the distinctions of the single constituents of the finished result vector and wanted final result vector. Weight lodging are determined with the undermentioned condition: w J. i=w J. one J oik ? is the larning rate ( in this arrangement this is only 1 ) . furthermore, ? J is determined as follows: K ‘ K ? J =e J ? ?net J ? in the event that J is at long last item bed ? J =?’ ? net kj ? ? wm. J ? N if J is in a covered bed m k net J is the measure of the contributions to hub J for the K th segment of the readiness set. When the arrangement is finished the loads are put away to a document which can sobe stacked in by the client rather than holding to retrain the framework each clasp it is utilized. 4. Scanner The scanner for this endeavor works preferably in any case over a scanner for a programming phonetic correspondence compiler. N

Transport Security Administration (TSA) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Transport Security Administration (TSA) - Essay Example sm, the guard group couldn't stand to watch the overwhelming impacts of such crooks taking damaging activities on blameless individuals and the American economy by and by. The 2001 assault executed through captured airplanes by the fear based oppressors left more than 3,000 individuals dead, and thousands more with genuine wounds, other than the demolition of billions of property in the wrongdoing occasion. The chain of occasions in the different states focused on, for example, New York, Pennsylvania and Washington DC, prompted reevaluating of the government security. Working near the DHS, TSA was shaped and has been controlling people’s development into and out of the United States; all the more in this way, it has submitted itself in reinforcing the vehicle framework and making sure about business exercises for American’s wellbeing throughout the previous 13 years, and ideally into the future (TSA, tsa.gov). In spite of the fact that it’s very slanted on the ae ronautics security, there has been expanding consideration on the interstates, metros and other section and leave terminals utilized in transportation. Proposal: The propriety of the safety efforts and their viability in guaranteeing security are easy to refute since the TSA started activity. In spite of the fact that the transportation framework assaults and violations have declined, issues of bias as for appearance, race, culture and different factors by TSA officials authorizing security at section and leave focuses in the United States have been raised. This doesn't go unnoticed and would influence the United States development to affect on the travel industry and its outside relations. Since 2001, the USA government has put vigorously in safety efforts by the TSA, which has empowered oversight of security through its officials on the ground, their exercises and strong gear, and the hardware they use. It is worth to welcome the TSA tasks for its adjustment to the rising security dangers. While psychological militants look for elective approaches to execute their activities, TSA has secured its measures through conveyed

Fitness Level in Teens - Free Essay Example

The current fitness level of young adults What is the current level of young adults? The answer to this question might be a quite surprising. You mightve thought that many young adults would exercise every day but thats not true. In the next few paragraphs this question will be answered. Between teens, only one out of three excise or do physical activities everyday. This fact is very much true. I have two brothers and only one of them, out of the three of us, actually do physical activities or excise. In the United States only about ninety percent of teens dont exercise or do physical activities. This can lead to diabetes, obesity, or other health problems. Teens spend about three hours on their phones, or playing video games, on a school day. Teens not exercising everyday can weaken their bone density, with can affect them when theyre older. About 18.5 percent of teens are obese as of 2016. That means that around five percent of teens have heart attacks, and around seventeen percent of teens have high cholesterol. Adults are no better than teens. Less than 22.9 percent of adults participate in thirty minutes of physical activity each day. That would mean only one out of three adults exercise. Obesity in adults has been brought up six percent since 2016, because of this, 23.5 percent of deaths are due to heart disease. Seventy five percent of adults say that they do not eat healthy. That means even if ten percent of that seventy five does physical activities or that they exercise, their would progress would mean nothing. Adults who dont exercise often get Osteoporosis, which reduces mass and makes your bones brittle, or weak. Obesity isnt common, it has been brought up immensely since 2014. Although, this is not just teens or young adults fault. When a cheeseburger cost a dollar compared to a ten dollar salad, what do you think theyll choose? Since most Americans work at fast food, or work from paycheck to paycheck, many want to not spend all of their money. When many adults have nine to five jobs, they tend to be tired, or just dont have enough time to exercise. Even if adults or teens just did thirty minutes of exercise that might slow the rate of heart disease, or other health problems(including obesity).

Chord vs. Cord How to Choose the Right Word

The words chord and cord are homophones: They sound alike but have different meanings. Theyre among the word pairs in English that are commonly confused, and their spellings have even flip-flopped throughout the centuries. For our purposes in this millennium, though, a chord with an h is a simultaneous playing of notes or a math term, and a cord is a rope or cable—among other meanings. How to Use Chord The noun chord is a musical term and refers to three or more notes sounded together (some musicians might argue for two notes sounded together also being labeled a chord). People play a chord progression, and hard rock guitarists string together some power chords in their riffs. It can be used as a gerund (nouns formed from verbs), referring to the playing of chords, as in Her transposed chording sounded lovely. It can also be used as a verb, meaning to harmonize, as in Your plan chords with [works well with] our overall system. The word comes from the Greek term khordÄ“, which originally referred to the catgut strings on an instrument. Chord also refers to an emotion or disposition (to strike a chord). In mathematics, a chord is a line that joins two points on a curve or circle. It originally came from the Latin term chorda. How to Use Cord The noun cord refers to a rope or a bond, an insulated electrical cable, or an anatomical structure (e.g., vocal cords or umbilical cord). A cord of wood is a rectangular pile of wood 4 feet wide, 4 feet high, and 8 feet long. (Originally it was a quantity that could be tied with a cord.) It can also be used as a verb meaning to stack wood in a cord or to tie something with a cord, though not all dictionaries have usage of this word as a verb. Examples Here are some examples that show the words differences in meaning: One of the most iconic and instantly recognizable chords in rock n roll is the opening to the Beatles song, A Hard Days Night.The candidates policy on health care struck a chord with voters. It especially resonated with middle-class moms.Her chording sounded sublime.Her current activities chord with the companys mission.The singer took lessons to learn how to perform professionally and not strain his vocal cords.Has anyone seen my phone chargers cord?He corded that wood.She corded the roman shade after she finished sewing it. How to Remember the Difference If you need a trick to remember the difference between the two words, think of the fact that musical chords are played in harmony, and both of these words contain the letter h. A cord is a rope, and both cord and rope have only four letters. Practice A wireless mouse operates without a _____ by transmitting radio frequency signals.Jackson sat down at the grand piano and played a major _____. Answers A wireless mouse operates without a  cord  by transmitting radio frequency signals.Jackson sat down at the grand piano and played a major  chord. Sources Chord. English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press.Chord. Marriam Webster, Merriam Webster.Cord. English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press.Cord vs. Chord: What’s the Difference? Writing Explained.Strike a Chord. Cambridge Dictionary.

The Canadian Guidelines For Sexual Education - 1665 Words

Sexual education is an important topic which as to be addressed due to the growing debates as to weather it should be implemented within the school system. The Canadian Guidelines for Sexual Health Education states that sexual education curriculums addresses a range of topics including â€Å"puberty, effective contraceptive methods, prevention of STI/HIV, communication skills, sexual orientation, interpersonal relationships, and media literacy† (Public Health Agency of Canada). Children need to address such issues early in order to protect them from early initiation of sexual activity, sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy. The issue is then weather or not parents support such a program. A historical factor affecting sexual health education (SHE) is how it affects those strongly rooted in religion. Canadian education is divided between non-secular schools and denominational separate schools (usually Catholic). Canada is a largely Catholic country, with 67% of the population describing themselves as Roman Catholics in the 2011 Census (NHS, 2011). In Ontario alone, Card, 2010 found that, â€Å"as of 2003, there were 31 public school boards in the province (with an average enrollment of 44,000 students) and 29 separate school boards (with an average enrollment of 18,000).† The provincial Ministry of Education mandates the type of instruction that sexual health education provides, for both public and separate school boards. Mckay, 2014 found that within Catholic schools itsShow MoreRelatedWhat Are Ontario Schools Doing? Other Canadian Schools? Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pages What are Ontario schools doing? Other Canadian Schools doing? EGALE Canada Human Rights Trust, is Canada’s only national charity that advocates LGBT human rights in Canada. 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Genitourinary infections are diseases that are caused by either virus, bacteria or even parasites that are transmitted during sexual association with an infected partner (Barlow, 2011). Efforts or attempts to develop a comprehensive approach to care for people with common genitourinary infections will have to analyze several features of the problem. The first characteristic ofRead MoreSaskatchewan Government And The Canadian Medical System882 Words   |  4 Pages The Saskatchewan government led the way in the development and evolution of the Canadian medical system by introducing the first provincial hospital insurance program in 1947. The national hospital insurance program, based on this provincial model, was introduced in 1957. In 1962, the Saskatchewan government introduced the first public health care program which, in 1966, became the model for the national Medicare program. 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Culture of Australia and Singapore-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Impact of countrys culture in use of power to initiate change program. Answer: Impact of countrys culture in use of power to initiate change program Change management refers to the framework which is used by managers to identify the change present in the organization and rectify them. Power is an important factor which helps the manager to apply change in an organization. The aim of below mentioned paper is to analyze and evaluate the cultural dimensions of two countries namely Singapore and Australia. It also explains the influence of such culture on the French and Raven Five bases of power. The latter part of the paper tells about how the use of power would be effective and ineffective in an organization change program depending on the culture of a particular country. Further, power refers to an important tool which helps the manger to initiate their decisions in an organization. Without power, no manager can ask the employees to work according to their direction. Also, it should be noted that power is not present with all; instead it is divided on the basis of responsibility and authority assigned to them. Relating the power with the hofstedes dimension, it should be noted that the cultural dimension model explains the cultural features of the people of the country which helps in analyzing which should be used by them (Blanger, et. al., 2016, 287-300). There are specifically six dimensions in the model that are, power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, long term orientation, indulgence and lastly masculinity. Further, it should be noted that there is presence of diversity in the country Singapore as there are 77% of Chinese, 15% of Malay, 6% of Indians and lastly 2% of other expatriate society. And on the other hand, the country Aust ralia has majority of people who belong to British community (67%) and it has presence of some European culture within them and only 2% of aboriginal natives are present in the country (Chua, Roy, Yannig Roth, and Jean-Franois Lemoine 2015, 189-227). The first dimension that is power distance talks about the degree to which less powerful member of the society are drifted or motivated with the more powerful member of the society. It talks about the ways in which power is distributed unequally and how people handle such inequality in the society. In the country Singapore, people are more dependent on their superior in the society, so there is very low degree of power distance in the society. People do not take any decision themselves; employees in the organization are more dependent on their manager to take actions. As the Chinese people believe in the Confucian teaching due to which a large segment of the society initiate such activities in the environment (Ferraro, Gary and Elizabeth Briody 2017). Whereas, on the other hand, people of Australia have a relatively high degree of power distance attribute under them. They do not prefer seeking permission of someone to take actions. Also there is presence of flat organizational struct ure which motivates the employees to take responsibility and initiate actions for the betterment of the company. The second dimension that is individualism versus collectivism tells about the degree of which people of a country want to nurture themselves and their immediate families. Collectivism talks about the attribute to which people want to take of themselves and their relatives in the society and become whole heartedly responsible for their wellbeing and wellness. The loosely knit group in the society tells about the belief of people in used the feeling of I and the tightly knit group represents the feeling of WE (Yeo, Su Lin, and Augustine Pang 2017, 112-122). Talking about the culture it should be noted that the people of this country score a low grade, as there love taking care of their extended families and depending on each other for existence. Whereas, in the country Australia, people are deeply connected to each other, they only take care of themselves and their immedia te family. They have a strong feeling of individualism under them and they prefer being independent at the workplace and in personal life as well (Stone, Dianna and Diana Deadrick 2015, 139-145). Further, masculinity versus femininity refers to the dimension those talks about the acceptance of people for the monetary benefits and heroism in the society. Whereas, femininity in the society represents act of modesty in the society, it talks about the qualitative growth of a person in the society and masculinity talks about quantitative growth in the society. The country Singapore in this case falls under category of femininity (Aiello, et. al., 2018). The society is little more inclined towards femininity in this case as the score is 48. Whereas Australia scores 61 in this dimension which talks about their dominance in the society. This aspect also talks about the fight between tough and tender. So, it should be noted that people of Australia have strong belief in working shoulder to shoulder in the market. Further, uncertainty avoidance refers to the degree to which people in a society manages to with the future coming problems. It talks about the ways in which people reacts on unknown situations coming on their way. Singapore in case of uncertainty avoidance scores 8 whereas 51 are scored by Australia. The score of Singapore tells that the people respects the rules and regulations and aims to avoid the problems by complying them. Whereas, in the case of Australia, the country do not follow all the rules instead the only follow the ones that they think are important (Todnem By, Rune 2005, 369-380). Long term orientation versus short term normative orientation talks about the ways in which people initiate their future business activities by looking forward and backward at the same time. People of Singapore take long term approach by understanding their past experiences and then correctly applying them in the future goals. The country score 72 in this case. Whereas, people of Australia take relatively short term goals in the future prospects. The last dimension of the Hofstedes approach is indulgence versus restraint which refers to the degree to which peop le try to control their emotions and feelings for certain things in the society. People of Australia are more indulgent as they score 71 in this field whereas people of Singapore are more restraint as they score 41 in this field. It states that Singaporeans hide their feelings within them (Soares, Ana Maria, Minoo Farhangmehr, and Aviv Shoham 2007, 277-284). The above discussed analysis explains the culture of two countries that are Australia and Singapore. Now relating it to the French and Raven five bases of power it should be noted that this model explains five different types of power namely, legitimacy, expert, reward, reference and coercive. Legitimate refers to the power which is attained to a person who can formally restrain and initiate a person to work according to their decision. Under this process, one person obliges to another person to work according to them (Barth-Farkas, Faye, and Antonio Vera 2014, 217-232). The main reason for such power is their designation which gives them opportunity to assign work to people in an organization. This type of power is mainly concentrated with manager, CEO, politicians etc. in the society. Also, with the loss of designation, the power to lose the right to authorize work to people, they no longer hold the responsibility to assign work to their subordinates. Another aspect of five bases o f power that is coercive talks about the power to punish their employees. This power explains that the person who is in power has the right to punish their employees for the non-compliance of an event. Under this case, the decision of the leader is followed by the rewards and punishment given to the respective employee (Liao, Li-Fen 2008,169-182). The decision does not hold its effectiveness in this case if they do not punish or reward the employee according to this power. Further, the expert power talks about the under which the leader helps their subordinates to complete their work on time without facing issues. The leader is person who has adequate knowledge of the work, so this power gives the opportunity to the leader to guide the employees to work properly in an organization. The skills and capabilities of a leader are used to guide and motivate the employees. Under the power of reward, the leader attains the opportunity to reward their employees work every good work which the y implement in the organization. And lastly, referent refers to the power to deal with a persons likes and dislikes and generate respect for them (Mackenzie, Kenneth Robert Golembiewski, and Afzalur Rahim 2018). As discussed above, both the aspects culture and power impacts the change management program initiated in an organization. According to the power distance dimension in the country Singapore, the leaders should use the power of legitimate. The country should use such type of power so as to satisfy the feature of high power distance in the society. Whereas on the other hand Australia has low score in this case and high score in masculinity so they should use the power of reward. In the country Australia, people believes in individuality and masculinity so the leaders in this case should use the power of reward to satisfy the employees and provide them for the work which they have done well (Golembiewski, Robert 2018). The leaders who provide rewards initiate their actions successfully in the Australian market because at the end every person works to earn a sustainable livelihood. This will help them to earn income over and above their normal costs. Being an individualistic society, the employees aims to earn a good living so that they can easily maintain their cost of living. Thus, with this process a mutual interest relationship is created between the employees and the managers. Thus, it should be noted that if the leaders will use the power of reward then they will easily initiate their activities in all types of environment without facing any denial from the employees. Contradicting it to the power used in the country Singapore, it should be noted that the country is a collectivist society where the employees need a ruling authority that can assign the duties to their employees and ask them to work on that (Rosemann, Michael, and Jan vom Brocke 2015). Furthermore, change in an organization can only be implemented if adequate amount of power is used by adequate person in the society. No person can hold the efficiency of their decision if they do not have adequate powers in their hand. Organizational change management is a process which is used by organizations to deal with the change management in the process (Fullan, Michael 2014). This process is initiated by the person who has some responsibilities in the company like manager, CEO, board of directors etc. It should be noted that use of power in change program would be more effective if the type of power used by the leader matches to the specifications of the culture of the country. Like in the given case of Singapore, as there is presence of power distance in the society so if the leaders will use the power of expert in their activities then the change program will not hold efficiency in their system. So the power used should match to the culture of the society (Moran, Robert Ne il Remington Abramson, and Sarah Moran 2014). Thus, legitimate power gives opportunity to the leader to provide responsibility to employees to work on specific task which will make them obliged to complete the work. Thus, in this way the change program can be initiated efficiently. Further in the country, people are freer and want to earn well for a good cost of living. So, the use of reward power will implement the purpose of change program in the companies (Lasserre, Philippe 2017). Thus, in the limelight of above mentioned events, it should be noted that power is a highly distinctive feature which should be received to all people in an organization. The right person should attain the power to initiate the change management program in the organization. The leader should use the power according to the environment in which they are living. The above mentioned paper explains the use of power in change program and how it gets affected with different cultures of different countries like Australia and Singapore References Aiello, Antonio, Alessio Tesi, Felicia Pratto, and Antonio Pierro. "Social dominance and interpersonal power: Asymmetrical relationships within hierarchy?enhancing and hierarchy?attenuating work environments."Journal of Applied Social Psychology(2018). Barth-Farkas, Faye, and Antonio Vera. "Power and transformational leadership in public organizations."International journal of leadership in public services10, no. 4 (2014): 217-232. Blanger, Jocelyn J., Antonio Pierro, Barbara Barbieri, Nicola A. De Carlo, Alessandra Falco, and Arie W. Kruglanski. "One size doesnt fit all: the influence of supervisors power tactics and subordinates need for cognitive closure on burnout and stress."European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology25, no. 2 (2016): 287-300. Chua, Roy YJ, Yannig Roth, and Jean-Franois Lemoine. "The impact of culture on creativity: How cultural tightness and cultural distance affect global innovation crowdsourcing work."Administrative Science Quarterly60, no. 2 (2015): 189-227. Ferraro, Gary P., and Elizabeth K. Briody.The cultural dimension of global business. Taylor Francis, 2017. Fullan, Michael.Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John Wiley Sons, 2014. Golembiewski, Robert, ed.Current topics in management. Vol. 8. Routledge, 2018. Lasserre, Philippe.Global strategic management. Palgrave, 2017. Liao, Li-Fen. "Impact of manager's social power on RD employees' knowledge-sharing behaviour."International Journal of Technology Management41, no. 1-2 (2008): 169-182. Mackenzie, Kenneth D., Robert T. Golembiewski, and M. Afzalur Rahim. "Introduction." InCurrent Topics in Management, pp. 9-24. Routledge, 2018. Moran, Robert T., Neil Remington Abramson, and Sarah V. Moran.Managing cultural differences. Routledge, 2014. Rosemann, Michael, and Jan vom Brocke. "The six core elements of business process management." InHandbook on business process management 1, pp. 105-122. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. Soares, Ana Maria, Minoo Farhangmehr, and Aviv Shoham. "Hofstede's dimensions of culture in international marketing studies."Journal of business research60, no. 3 (2007): 277-284. Stone, Dianna L., and Diana L. Deadrick. "Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management."Human Resource Management Review25, no. 2 (2015): 139-145. Todnem By, Rune. "Organisational change management: A critical review."Journal of change management5, no. 4 (2005): 369-380. Yeo, Su Lin, and Augustine Pang. "Asian multiculturalism in communication: Impact of culture in the practice of public relations in Singapore."Public Relations Review43, no. 1 (2017): 112-122.

Marijuana Effects Essays (993 words) - Medicinal Plants,

Marijuana Effects annon Marijuana is a mood altering or psychoactive drug that has many nicknames, such as pot, weed, ganja, sensi, herb, and others. It is an ancient drug that dates back to hundreds of years to Asia. Many cultures have used it during meditation, religious worship, and for intoxication. Marijuana itself comes from the Indian Hemp plant. It is the third most widely used drug in the United States, according to a survey taken in 1988, and it is the number one illegally used drug in the United States. Marijuana is so popular that an estimated one out of every three people in the US have tried it and around 44% of US high school students have smoked it. Marijuana users are not easily detectable, nor is the drug just used in one area of society. The Indian Hemp plant is found all over the world, including the US. There are three different types of Indian Hemp. They are Cannabis Sativa, Cannabis Indica, and Cannabis Rudderalis. These three plants vary in size and mood altering effect. The hemp plant has many uses and has been farmed for centuries. Marijuana can be taken in three ways, by eating, made into a tea, or smoking (the most popular). Smoking it can be done three ways, through a pipe, a joint, blunt. A joint is a rolled piece of paper that is twisted at the ends. A blunt is normally an emptied cigar wrapper filled with marijuana. In a blunt you can fit much more marijuana. Though a blunt isn't always purely marijuana, it can be mixed with other drugs such as angel dust. The results are varied when someone smokes marijuana. Different people will get different results, and certain types of cannabis can cause different effects. The amount of THC (marijuana's main active chemical) may also change the result. If alcohol, or other drug use is occurring while smoking marijuana, the effect could be different. A first time marijuana smoker will probably feel no effect. A chronic or heavy user will get a high (intoxication). When a person is high, normal sights, sounds, tastes, or events can seem very funny or interesting. When intoxicated, time seems to pass a lot slower. To the user, minutes will seem like hours. The intoxicated person may get very thirsty or hungry, a common effect called, the munchies. A few minutes after the person inhales they will probably get a dry mouth, rapid heartbeat, decreased reaction time, and also a loss of coordination. The blood vessels in the user's eyes will probably enlarge, giving the person a Page: 2 blood shot appearance. Within 2 to 3 hours the effects will die down and the person will feel sleepy. How is marijuana harmful? There are many ways that marijuana can harm the body, both the immediate effect and long term effects. It often disables the users short-term memory and may cause trouble with challenging tasks. Even very simple tasks can become a struggle for someone who is high. A student that is under the influence of marijuana may find it hard to learn or concentrate. A persons timing and coordination are normally delayed by marijuana. As a result the person will be very confused and useless. The effect marijuana can have on the brain and central nervous system are very serious. Smoking marijuana will reduce the strength and speed of communications between the mind and body. This occurs in the brain and muscles, causing the user to not be as focused. Short- term marijuana use leads to a drowsiness and relaxing effect. This is why marijuana users have trouble remembering things. A heavy dose of marijuana can decrease the amount of blood pumped into the brain. Marijuana effects the brain's control over muscles also. Heavy usage of Page: 3 marijuana can have a lasting effect on the users short-term memory. The blood flow to the back of the brain is greater than the front, after smoking. This is believed to cause the high sensation the user is after. The short-term effect of marijuana will increase blood pressure and pulse rate up to 16 points above normal. It will also slow down the digestive processing of food. People who smoke marijuana often will have a below normal pulse rate and blood pressure. A chronic user may experience dizziness or even faint. A user may not even need to be high to experience that, if the person stands up quickly they may faint. A well-known and common effect is blood shot eyes, though this effect wears off quickly. How does marijuana effect the heart? During the time

Meaning and Origin of the Surname Howard

Meaning and Origin of the Surname Howard The surname Howard possibly comes from the Norman name Huard or Heward which derives from German elements like hug heart, mind, spirit and hard hardy, brave, and strong. While the origins of the surname are unclear, it is theorized that it holds an English background from the Anglo- Scandinavian name Haward with derives from Ol Norse elements like h ‘high’ varà °r meaning guardian and warden. Huard or Heward is also thought to be one of the origins of the Norman-French personal name of the Norman Conquest of England in the 11th century. Additionally, there is a background of the surname Howard in relation to Irish with Gaelic notations. Howard is the  70th most popular surname  in the United States. One popular alternate surname spelling is Hayward. Discover genealogy resources, famous notable people, and three other possible surname origins aside from  English  below. Surname Origins Several possible origins for the Howard surname include the following: Derived from the Old Germanic name hugihard, denoting one strong of heart, or very brave.Derived from Germanic term howart, meaning high chief, warden, or chief warden.From hof-ward, the keeper of a hall Notable Persons Ron Howard:  American actor, producer, and director who got his start on The Andy Griffith Show and Happy Days.Dwight Howard:  American NBA basketball player playing center for the Houston Rockets.Bryce Dallas Howard:  Daughter of the film director Ron Howard and actress known for her role on the show Parenthood, directed by her father. Genealogy Resources 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census?Howard Family Genealogy Forum  Search this popular genealogy forum for the Howard surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Howard queryFamilySearch - Howard GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Howard surname and its variations.Howard Surname Family Mailing Lists  RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Howard surname.Cousin Connect - Howard Genealogy QueriesRead or post genealogy queries for the surname Howard, and sign up for free notification when new Howard queries are added.DistantCousin.com - Howard Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Howard. To look for the meaning of a given name, use the resource First Name Meanings. If you are unable to find your last name listed, you can suggest  a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings and Origins. References: Surname Meanings and Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German-Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Psychology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Psychology - Assignment Example Psychology is the Science that create an understanding towards a logical thinking ability keeping humane in concise. It is a science which is not new but with us right from the human civilization. It is the way where an understanding is built up about the behaviour of a person, and methods could be devised to enhance what is lacking in the personality and how well an individual be groomed to have a sound and congenial influence on the society or social ambience of the individual. Besides the fact that lot of research has been carried out we are still at the tip of the iceberg to further dwell towards the understanding of psychology. So far an immense collection of theories that have been postulated over the years have been made and studied along with varies protocols and experiments that have been performed to resolve behaviour issues. Theories postulated are for different kinds of behaviour and not the same for all kinds of behavioural issue. Based on psychological theories humans are classified into various patterns and syndromes. Psychology helps these individuals to recover various therapeutic problems. Thus psychology encompass a study of behaviour including the activities and reactions; and the internal progression of views and judgments. The term "psyche" means soul and "logos" means a study. Thus psychology is not confined to any core study but it encompass a complete understanding of the nature as well as the way it was nurtured under a given set of conditions. Psychology sets its goal for its study as: Description of the issue or the subject, explanation, prediction of the possibilities and modifications that are possible. 1. Description- It describes the performance, that an individual displays and based on this analysis a psychologists try to comprehend if this attitude or behaviour is under normal or acceptable limits. For this, a psychologists analyzes, opinion and views, emotions, beliefs, mind-set, outlook and approaches,

Celestial navigation using Jupiter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Celestial navigation using Jupiter - Essay Example They suggested that the disparity in time amid the observed and the prospective time at a standard meridian would enable longitudinal meridian to be identified. The innermost moons had an orbital of around one and a quarter days and callsito. The outermost had a period of about 17 (Watson,13). It is through regular observation that they understood their motions developing comprehensive tables of predictions. The method of measuring longitude involves drawing comparisons between the planets and the moon thus drawing rough estimates of the longitude. The method by Galileo articulated that it took the earth twenty four hours to travel 360 degrees rotation, at any point. His meant that at every point the earth travels fifteen degrees of longitude in every hour (Watson, 15). They thus carried accurate clocks to the see where two clocks were compared one clock based on the home port and the other in the ship. It was mandatory for the clock in the ship to be reset to local noon time daily. The difference in time was an indication of the longitudinal difference travelled. One hour represented a fifteen degree in longitude. Longitude is calculated in degrees east or west of the prime meridian, with 180 degrees on either side of the prime meridian. ... Latitudes are equidistant from each other thus the term parallels (Silvio, 82). In the ancient times sailors used the latitudes in their navigation. It was during the Ptolemy era when a grid system for the earth was created. The earth, a circle, was divided into 360 degrees. Each degree was issued with one hour, and each minute comprised 60 seconds. It was in his book geography where the coordinated were published. The ancient sailors used sextants in measuring latitudes. A sextant is a navigational appliance that measures the angle of elevation of any celestial body (sun and the moon). This was done in an attempt to locate ones direction. The instrument was thus used to determine the angle linking two objects. A sextant spans at 60 degree which is a sixth of a circle thus the name. In measuring latitude, at the equator which has a zero degree latitude the Polaris is in horizon with zero degrees altitude. The elevation in the angle of Polaris above the horizon indicated a direct meas ure of terrestrial latitude. This means that in case the angle of Polaris was measured by a navigator and found to be 10 degrees from the horizon, then the ship is ten degrees north of the equator. At times they determined the latitudes through the directions travelled by stars over time. They articulated that if the stars rise from the east and they travel straight upwards then one is ate equator. In case the stars drifted south then one is at the north of the equator. This can be postulated to occur due to the movement of the earth in an orbit around the sun. The other method of measuring longitude was the use of the marine chronometer. This involved the use of a time piece that was to be carried in a ship and would maintain the correct reference time

Eating Too Much Meat Will Kill You Essay Example for Free

Eating Too Much Meat Will Kill You Essay Bill Cosby once stated, â€Å"Did you ever see the customers in health-food stores? They are pale, skinny people who look half dead. In a steak house, you see robust, ruddy people. They’re dying, of course, but they look terrific.† On average, Americans consume about 8 oz. of meat a day, twice the amount as the rest of the world; about one-sixth of the total meat consumed, U.S being less than one-twentieth of the population. Meat is generally delicious, contains rich sources of proteins and minerals. Some nutritional diet programs like the Atkins Diet have linked certain types of meat-based diets to weight loss. On the contrary, eating too much meat has been linked to certain type of cancers, high cholesterol and an increased risk of contracting a foodborne illness. Americans need to recognize that diets high in meat increases the cancer risk and other health issues. Evidence suggested that consuming meat could damage the body. In a country known for its love for hamburgers and steak, consumers need to cut down on their meat for a healthy life. Consumers also need to understand grilling meat increase the risk of cancer. Part of the solution is eating healthy, but consumers also should be aware of what they’re eating. The big issue in America is quantity. Eating meat and fast-food meat on a daily basis for seven days a week, 365 days a year, is a big reason why the risk for cancer and other health diseases is dangerously high in U.S. United States slaughters more than 10 billion land animals every year (Freston 802), and the market research firm Packed Facts stated Americans spends 142 billion dollar on beef, chicken, pork, lamb at market retails. Eating too much red meat has been linked to increased risk of death from cancer and heart disease, according to a study from American Cancer Society, the more red meat you eat will increase the risk for cancer. A Journal published by the American Medical Association reported a 20-year study of nearly 149,000 adults between the ages of 50 and 74. Researchers examine the risk according to how much red meat, poultry, or fish the people had eaten. Researchers looked at how many people develop colon cancer after the study. The results were 30% to 40% are more likely to develop cancer in the lower part of the colon. People who ate the most processed meats were 50% more likely to develop colon cancer (Parish 6). Eating just three ounces meat a day increases the consumer’s chance of dying by 13 percent, and 20 percent increase if eating processed meat, like bacon and hot dogs. But it doesn’t mean we should completely cut out meat in our diet; these statistics demonstrates that the less meat you eat, the better. Consuming meat damages the body. According to Dr. Oz, from the Dr. Oz Show, eating a steak dinner can take two to three days to get out of your intestines (par. 3). Red meat takes more than 24 hours to completely digest. In the mean time, it is in your intestine rotting at 98 degrees, sending toxins through the body. Eating any food that does not completely digest will ruin your health. What happens is that the human stomach acids are not made to break meat down efficiently because of its high fat and protein contents. The body lacks the enzymes that digest proteins in the stomach. Protein digestion mainly takes place in the first section of the small intestines where the pancreas secretes the types of digestive enzymes to help break down nutrients into energy and allow the nutrients molecules enter the bloodstream. Hence, meat takes longer as it has to pass into the stomach and the intestines, opposed to carbohydrates, which are broken down easily by saliva and the stomach. Although red meat is digestible than any other food sources such as rice and vegetable, it remains in the digestive system for a longer period of time, leaving the meat to rot in your intestines. Dr Klein believes that animal protein is the primary cause for the inflammation of the intestines because meat rots in your stomach (4). It explains why eating animal protein for a long period of time can increase the risk of colon cancer. Also the kidneys work to remove excess protein from your body. Eating too much protein can stress out the kidney, leading to kidney damage. Grilling meat is a method that most people are familiar with. Grilling is part of American culture; it brings family and friends together for the holidays like Independence Day. Grilling is a method of cooking food hot and fast on your grill. Burgers, poultry, beef, seafood are typically grilled. Grilling is actually a much healthier option than frying food because it is low fat and you can grill food without adding oil on them. But unfortunately, grilling food may potentially introduce the risk for cancer. Those juicy hamburgers, especially the charred ones contains cancer causing chemical called carcinogen. When you grill meat, some of the fat drips down to the charcoal or flame and the smoke carry the carcinogen known heterocyclic amines (HCA ) and polycyclic armomatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to form. These compounds have been shown to affect our DNA and might cause cancer. PAH is the same smoke from forest fires, coal burning, car exhaust and smoking. Exposure to high amounts of PAH is dangerous to your health and long term exposure increase the risk of cancer. According to 2007 study in Epidemiology, women with high intakes of grilled, barbecued or smoked meats over their lifetime had a 74 percent chance of developing breast cancer (373). It is also important to not that these women has low intake of fruits and vegetables. Most people are not aware of the carcinogen when they are grilling the meat. But let’s face it, grilled meat taste good and people should not give up on their grass fed steak or burgers from the grill. There are couple ways to grill safely and reducing carcinogen. 1. Marinating meats for at least several hours that contains herb and spices can dramatically reduce HCA. Herbs/spices is highly potent antioxidant that helps prevent HCA formation. 2. Pre-cook the meat in either the oven or microwave and finish it on the grill to decrease the amount of the carcinogen. 3. Pick leaner cuts like skinless chicken, lean beef or pork; it decreases the fat from dripping down on the open flame. It also important to remember that well-done meat has a higher concentration of carcinogen. Medium-rare, or medium cook is healthier choice than well done. These tips to reduce and prevent carcinogen is a safe way to consume grilled meat, but what about restaurants that serves grilled meats? Unfortunately, the meat holds carcinogens. Study shows restaurant meat such as burgers, ribs, and chicken carry substantial amounts of carcinogen. Few years ago, KFC calls their new Grilled Chicken â€Å"the better-for-you chicken for health- conscious customers.† But a PCRM a test shows the grilled chicken contains a high level of carcinogen (Sullivan 12). Consumers eating grilled chicken from popular restaurant chains are exposed to substantial level of carcinogen. A study published in Nutrition and Cancers show that an independent laboratory examined one hundred samples from seven popular restaurants, and Phip, a carcinogen, was found in all the samples (33). These findings clearly show that eating grill chicken can potentially cause cancer. Consumers deserve to know what they’re eating is just as worse as a greasy high-fat fried chicken. It misleads consumers to think grilled chicken is healthy diet but in actuality a grilled chicken salad can increase the risk of breast cancer, prostate cancer, and other dangerous health disease. If that the case, shouldn’t the government or chain restaurant provide warning labels on their product? Since Tobacco Company labels their pack with a warning that cigarette causes cancer; restauran ts serving cancer-causing meat should do the same. When parents cook chicken for their children, they try to be health conscious. If people knew there were high levels of carcinogens in their grilled chicken, they may not choose it as a healthy alternative. Meat is part of American culture; Western men often forge a strong link between eating meat and masculinity. Eating too much meat is a common problem in American Society. I believe most Americans don’t realize that they’re eating too much meat. When comparing the size of the burger we’re eating today to the past decades, our burger has gotten bigger. Bacon is a big part of American culture today. It brings child-hood memories of how mothers cooked bacon for their children. It is also a common breakfast food and is often associated with family gatherings. But, eating bacon every single day of your life has life threatening repercussion to your health. Most processed meat like bacon or hot dogs contains sodium nitrate. Sodium nitrate is a food additive used in m any processed meats. It increases shelf life, gives any meat a fresh appearance, improves the smoky flavors of bacon, and slows the rate of the foul smell, and reduces bacteria (Kortboyer 5). It seems sodium nitrate is a great additive but it is widely regarded as a toxic ingredient. It is a highly carcinogenic chemical and once it enters the human digestive system; it release toxin to a number of internal organs including liver and pancreas. USDA tried to ban sodium nitrate in the 1970’s but was vetoed by food manufacturers who complained that they are trying to ban bacon from America and insisted the additive was safe. The sodium nitrate is found in almost every meat package. It’s listed right on processed meat products like bacon, turkey, hot dogs, and meats in canned soups. If it’s so dangerous, why does food manufactures use it? It sells more meat products because it makes the meat appear fresh and vibrant. Consumers are often influenced by the appearance of the meat, and sadly they will buy meat that looks fresh because of the additives, but in reality, the meat could be months old. A proven strategy to help combat sodium nitrates is to consume large doses of vitamin C and E before your meal. Another safe alternative is purchasing nitrite-free meat to reduce the exposure to sodium nitrate. But, meat without nitrates is prone to spoilage. I believe meat industry uses the saturated fat argument to distract consumers from real issues like cancer. Fruits with high saturated fat like coconut juice wont increase a person risk of cancer to jump up 50%. The real issue is what’s added to the meat during processing and packaging. While eating too much meat can be dangerous, the solution is to consume less. Meat is rich in protein and the body needs protein to maintain cellular tissue. Reducing meat intake benefits the bones. According to Dr. Campbell of Cornell University, animal sourced proteins extract more calcium from the bones, causing the bone to weaken (par. 4). Another good benefit of cutting back on meat is it that makes the consumer eat more nutritious foods. A study from American Journal of Clinical Nutrition reported that participants who were served a meal with less meat ate more vegetables (Rolls 916). Eating small portions of good quality meat can help curb meat cravings and will not jeopardize the health. Many health education websites like Meatless Mondays offer idea of cutting back on meat consumptions. Another healthy alternative is replacing meat with non-meat sources of protein. Small red beans, black beans, legumes, dairy products are all good source of protein. While fish and seafood are technically meats, they do not carry the same risks as red meat, chicken, and pork because they contain low saturated fat and cholesterol. Non-meat protein not only has low saturated fat and cholesterol, they contain healthy fats, vitamins and minerals the body needs. Besides, the average person only needs about eight grams of protein per 20 lbs of body weight. Make no mistake, Americans love eating meats. Meat is essential part of a healthy diet, but over consumption of meat will kill you. America spends hundred of billion dollars on meat and it’s no wonder why cancer is epidemic in United States. Meat is considered a luxury in other country’s, but meat in America is readily available anywhere and consumers need to learn self-restraint. Meat like hot dogs and bacon is part of American culture, but consumers need to understand that meat industry’s uses dangerous additives like sodium nitrate and eating it for a long period of time will have repercussion to your health. Strong evidence claims that not only the harmful sodium nitrate harms the body, but also eating meat in general will damage the body. There are other healthy options like non-meat protein. But the solution to the problem is consumers need to be aware of what they’re eating and learn self-restraint.

Philippine Attacks :: essays research papers

ZAMBOANGA, Philippines (AP) - Philippine forces launched attacks on three southern islands in an effort to wipe out the guerrillas who held a U.S. couple hostage for more than a year, military officers said Sunday. The assaults, which started Saturday after one of the Americans and a Philippine captive died in a rescue attempt, are aimed at the top three commanders of the Islamic militant group Abu Sayyaf, said Philippine Maj. Gen. Ernesto Carolina. Martin Burnham, 42, and Ediborah Yap, 45, died in a shootout Friday when government troops ambushed their captors in jungles of the main southern Philippine island of Mindanao. Burnham's wife Gracia was shot through the thigh but rescued. "We're now operating with greater ZAMBOANGA, Philippines (AP) - Philippine forces launched attacks on three southern islands in an effort to wipe out the guerrillas who held a U.S. couple hostage for more than a year, military officers said Sunday. The assaults, which started Saturday after one of the Americans and a Philippine captive died in a rescue attempt, are aimed at the top three commanders of the Islamic militant group Abu Sayyaf, said Philippine Maj. Gen. Ernesto Carolina. Martin Burnham, 42, and Ediborah Yap, 45, died in a shootout Friday when government troops ambushed their captors in jungles of the main southern Philippine island of Mindanao. Burnham's wife Gracia was shot through the thigh but rescued. "We're now operating with greater intensity. We will not let them get away with this," said Carolina, head of southern Philippine forces. He said no clashes were reported as of Sunday morning. Carolina said 1,500 and 1,800 soldiers would arrive in the next three days to back troops already hunting the Abu Sayyaf on the islands of Jolo, Basilan and the province of Zamboanga del Norte on Mindanao. "We will have to finish this war because terrorism is a scourge on the Earth," President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo said Sunday. All three mountainous, jungle-covered areas stand in a 60-mile stretch of the Sulu Sea in the southwestern Philippines. It wasn't clear how many troops were already involved in the operations, but thousands of soldiers have been in the area for months - since the military launched its offensive after the Abu Sayyaf seized the Burnhams and several other hostages in May 2001. Carolina said soldiers on Mindanao were hunting Abu Sayyaf leader Abu Sabaya, who fled into dense jungle with about 40 men after the army attacked them during Friday's rescue mission. (AP) Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, right, extends her condolences to the family of slain.

Live and Let Live

The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet 1 The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet Ed Krol [email  protected] cso. uiuc. edu Get any book for free on: www. Abika. com Get any book for free on: www. Abika. com The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet 2 This document was produced through funding of the National Science Foundation. Copyright (C) 1987, by the Board of Trustees of The University of Illinois. Permission to duplicate this document, in whole or part, is granted provided reference is made to the source and this copyright is included in whole copies. This document assumes that one is familiar with the workings of a non-connected simple IP network (e. . a few 4. 2 BSD systems on an Ethernet not connected to anywhere else). Appendix A contains remedial information to get one to this point. Its purpose is to get that person, familiar with a simple net, versed in the â€Å"oral tradition† of the Internet to the point that that net can be connected to the Internet with little dang er to either. It is not a tutorial, it consists of pointers to other places, literature, and hints which are not normally documented. Since the Internet is a dynamic environment, changes to this document will be made regularly. The author welcomes comments and suggestions.This is especially true of terms for the glossary (definitions are not necessary). In the beginning there was the ARPAnet, a wide area experimental network connecting hosts and terminal servers together. Procedures were set up to regulate the allocation of addresses and to create voluntary standards for the network. As local area networks became more pervasive, many hosts became gateways to local networks. A network layer to allow the interoperation of these networks was developed and called IP (Internet Protocol). Over time other groups created long haul IP based networks (NASA, NSF, states†¦ ). These nets, too, interoperate because of IP.The collection of all of these interoperating networks is the Internet. Two groups do much of the research and information work of the Internet (ISI and SRI). ISI (the Informational Sciences Institute) does much of the research, standardization, and allocation work of the Internet. SRI International provides information services for the Internet. In fact, after you are connected to the Internet most of the information in this document can be retrieved from the Network Information Center (NIC) run by SRI. Operating the Internet Each network, be it the ARPAnet, NSFnet or a regional network, has its own operations center.The ARPAnet is run by Get any book for free on: www. Abika. com The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet BBN, Inc. under contract from DARPA. Their facility is called the Network Operations Center or NOC. Cornell University temporarily operates NSFnet (called the Network Information Service Center, NISC). It goes on to the -2regionals having similar facilities to monitor and keep watch over the goings on of their portion of the Internet. In addition, they all should have some knowledge of what is happening to the Internet in total.If a problem comes up, it is suggested that a campus network liaison should contact the network operator to which he is directly connected. That is, if you are connected to a regional network (which is gatewayed to the NSFnet, which is connected to the ARPAnet†¦ ) and have a problem, you should contact your regional network operations center. 3 RFCs The internal workings of the Internet are defined by a set of documents called RFCs (Request for Comments). The general process for creating an RFC is for someone wanting something formalized to write a document describing the issue and mailing it to Jon Postel ([email  protected] edu).He acts as a referee for the proposal. It is then commented upon by all those wishing to take part in the discussion (electronically of course). It may go through multiple revisions. Should it be generally accepted as a good idea, it will be assigned a number and filed with the RFCs. The RFCs can be divided into five groups: required, suggested, directional, informational and obsolete. Required RFC's (e. g. RFC-791, The Internet Protocol) must be implemented on any host connected to the Internet. Suggested RFCs are generally implemented by network hosts. Lack of them does not preclude access to the Internet, but may impact its usability.RFC-793 (Transmission Control Protocol) is a suggested RFC. Directional RFCs were discussed and agreed to, but their application has never come into wide use. This may be due to the lack of wide need for the specific application (RFC-937 The Post Office Protocol) or that, although technically superior, ran against other pervasive approaches (RFC-891 Hello). It is suggested that should the facility be required by a particular site, animplementation be done in accordance with the RFC. This insures that, should the idea be one whose time has come, the implementation will be in accordance with some standard and will be generally usable.Informational RFCs contain factual information about the Internet and its operation (RFC-990, Assigned Numbers). Finally, as the Internet and technology have grown, some RFCs have become unnecessary. These obsolete RFCs cannot be ignored, however. Frequently when a change is made to some RFC that causes a new one to be issued obsoleting others, the new RFC only contains explanations and motivations for the change. Understanding the model on which the whole facility is based may involve reading the original and subsequent RFCs Get any book for free on: www. Abika. comThe Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet on the topic. -3(Appendix B contains a list of what are considered to be the major RFCs necessary for understanding the Internet). 4 The Network Information Center The NIC is a facility available to all Internet users which provides information to the community. There are three means of NIC contact: network, telephone, and mail. The network accesses are t he most prevalent. Interactive access is frequently used to do queries of NIC service overviews, look up user and host names, and scan lists of NIC documents. It is available by using %telnet sri-nic. rpa on a BSD system and following the directions provided by a user friendly prompter. From poking around in the databases provided one might decide that a document named NETINFO:NUG. DOC (The Users Guide to the ARPAnet) would be worth having. It could be retrieved via an anonymous FTP. An anonymous FTP would proceed something like the following. (The dialogue may vary slightly depending on the implementation of FTP you are using). %ftp sri-nic. arpa Connected to sri-nic. arpa. 220 SRI_NIC. ARPA FTP Server Process 5Z(47)-6 at Wed 17-Jun-87 12:00 PDT Name (sri-nic. arpa:myname): anonymous 331 ANONYMOUS user ok, send real ident as password.Password: myname 230 User ANONYMOUS logged in at Wed 17-Jun-87 12:01 PDT, job 15. ftp; get netinfo:nug. doc 200 Port 18. 144 at host 128. 174. 5. 50 a ccepted. 150 ASCII retrieve of NUG. DOC. 11 started. 226 Transfer Completed 157675 (8) bytes transferred local: netinfo:nug. doc remote:netinfo:nug. doc 157675 bytes in 4. 5e+02 seconds (0. 34 Kbytes/s) ftp; quit 221 QUIT command received. Goodbye. (Another good initial document to fetch is NETINFO:WHAT-THE-NIC-DOES. TXT)! Questions of the NIC or problems with services can be asked of or reported to using electronic mail. The following addresses can be used: [email  protected]ARPA requests [email  protected] ARPA General user assistance, document User registration and WHOIS updates Get any book for free on: www. Abika. com The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet [email  protected] ARPA Hostname and domain changes and updates [email  protected] ARPA SRI-NIC computer operations [email  protected] ARPA Comments on NIC publications and services -4For people without network access, or if the number of documents is large, many of the NIC documents are available in printed form for a small charge. One frequently ordered document for starting sites is a compendium of major RFCs.Telephone access is used primarily for questions or problems with network access. (See appendix B for mail/telephone contact numbers). 5 The NSFnet Network Service Center The NSFnet Network Service Center (NNSC) is funded by NSF to provide a first level of aid to users of NSFnet should they have questions or encounter problems traversing the network. It is run by BBN Inc. Karen Roubicek ([email  protected] nsf. net) is the NNSC user liaison. The NNSC, which currently has information and documents online and in printed form, plans to distribute news through network mailing lists, bulletins, newsletters, and online reports.The NNSC also maintains a database of contact points and sources of additional information about NSFnet component networks and supercomputer centers. Prospective or current users who do not know whom to call concerning questions about NSFnet use, should contact the NN SC. The NNSC will answer general questions, and, for detailed information relating to specific components of the Internet, will help users find the appropriate contact for further assistance. (Appendix B) Mail Reflectors The way most people keep up to date on network news is through subscription to a number of mail reflectors.Mail reflectors are special electronic mailboxes which, when they receive a message, resend it to a list of other mailboxes. This in effect creates a discussion group on a particular topic. Each subscriber sees all the mail forwarded by the reflector, and if one wants to put his â€Å"two cents† in sends a message with the comments to the reflector†¦. The general format to subscribe to a mail list is to find the address reflector and append the string -REQUEST to the mailbox name (not the host name). For example, if you wanted to take part in the mailing list for NSFnet reflected by [email  protected]NSF. NET, one sends a request to Get any book f or free on: www. Abika. com The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet [email  protected] NSF. NET. This may be a wonderful scheme, but the problem is that you must know the list exists in the first place. It is suggested that, if you are interested, you read the mail from one list (like NSFNET) and you will probably become familiar with the existence of others. A registration service for mail reflectors is provided by the NIC in the files NETINFO:INTEREST-GROUPS-1. TXT, NETINFO:INTEREST-GROUPS-2. TXT, and NETINFO:INTEREST-GROUPS3.TXT. The NSFNET mail reflector is targeted at those people who have a day to day interest in the news of the NSFnet (the backbone, regional network, and Internet inter-connection site workers). The messages are reflected by a central location and are sent as separate messages to each subscriber. This creates hundreds of messages on the wide area networks where bandwidth is the scarcest. There are two ways in which a campus could spread the news and not cause these messages to inundate the wide area networks. One is to re-reflect the message on the campus.That is, set up a reflector on a local machine which forwards the message to a campus distribution list. The other is to create an alias on a campus machine which places the messages into a notesfile on the topic. Campus users who want the information could access the notesfile and see the messages that have been sent since their last access. One might also elect to have the campus wide area network liaison screen the messages in either case and only forward those which are considered of merit. Either of these schemes allows one message to be sent to the campus, while allowing wide distribution within. Address Allocation Before a local network can be connected to the Internet it must be allocated a unique IP address. These addresses are allocated by ISI. The allocation process consists of getting an application form received from ISI. (Send a message to [email  protected] arpa and ask for the template for a connected address). This template is filled out and mailed back to hostmaster. An address is allocated and e-mailed back to you. This can also be done by postal mail (Appendix B). IP addresses are 32 bits long. It is usually written as four decimal numbers separated by periods (e. . , 192. 17. 5. 100). Each number is the value of an octet of the 32 bits. It was seen from the beginning that some networks might choose to organize themselves as very flat (one net with a lot of nodes) and some might organize hierarchically -6(many interconnected nets with fewer nodes each and a backbone). Get any book for free on: www. Abika. com The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet To provide for these cases, addresses were differentiated into class A, B, and C networks. This classification had to with the interpretation of the octets.Class A networks have the first octet as a network address and the remaining three as a host address on that network. Class C addresses have thre e octets of network address and one of host. Class B is split two and two. Therefore, there is an address space for a few large nets, a reasonable number of medium nets and a large number of small nets. The top two bits in the first octet are coded to tell the address format. All of the class A nets have been allocated. So one has to choose between Class B and Class C when placing an order. (There are also class D (Multicast) and E (Experimental) formats.Multicast addresses will likely come into greater use in the near future, but are not frequently used now). In the past sites requiring multiple network addresses requested multiple discrete addresses (usually Class C). This was done because much of the software available (not ably 4. 2BSD) could not deal with subnetted addresses. Information on how to reach a particular network (routing information) must be stored in Internet gateways and packet switches. Some of these nodes have a limited capability to store and exchange routing i nformation (limited to about 300 networks).Therefore, it is suggested that any campus announce (make known to the Internet) no more than two discrete network numbers. If a campus expects to be constrained by this, it should consider subnetting. Subnetting (RFC-932) allows one to announce one address to the Internet and use a set of addresses on the campus. Basically, one defines a mask which allows the network to differentiate between the network portion and host portion of the address. By using a different mask on the Internet and the campus, the address can be interpreted in multiple ways.For example, if a campus requires two networks internally and has the 32,000 addresses beginning 128. 174. X. X (a Class B address) allocated to it, the campus could allocate 128. 174. 5. X to one part of campus and 128. 174. 10. X to another. By advertising 128. 174 to the Internet with a subnet mask of FF. FF. 00. 00, the Internet would treat these two addresses as one. Within the campus a mask of FF. FF. FF. 00 would be used, allowing the campus to treat the addresses as separate entities. (In reality you don't pass the subnet mask of FF. FF. 00. 0 to the Internet, the octet meaning is implicit in its being a class B address). A word of warning is necessary. Not all systems know how to do subnetting. Some 4. 2BSD systems require additional software. 4. 3BSD systems subnet as released. Other devices -7and operating systems vary in the problems they have dealing with subnets. Frequently these machines can be used as a leaf on a network but not as a gateway within the subnetted portion of the network. As time passes and more systems become 4. 3BSD based, these problems should disappear. 7 Get any book for free on: www. Abika. om The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet There has been some confusion in the past over the format of an IP broadcast address. Some machines used an address of all zeros to mean broadcast and some all ones. This was confusing when machines of both type were connected to the same network. The broadcast address of all ones has been adopted to end the grief. Some systems (e. g. 4. 2 BSD) allow one to choose the format of the broadcast address. If a system does allow this choice, care should be taken that the all ones format is chosen. (This is explained in RFC-1009 and RFC-1010). 8Internet Problems There are a number of problems with the Internet. Solutions to the problems range from software changes to long term research projects. Some of the major ones are detailed below: Number of Networks When the Internet was designed it was to have about 50 connected networks. With the explosion of networking, the number is now approaching 300. The software in a group of critical gateways (called the core gateways of the ARPAnet) are not able to pass or store much more than that number. In the short term, core reallocation and recoding has raised the number slightly.By the summer of '88 the current PDP-11 core gateways will be replaced with BB N Butterfly gateways which will solve the problem. Routing Issues Along with sheer mass of the data necessary to route packets to a large number of networks, there are many problems with the updating, stability, and optimality of the routing algorithms. Much research is being done in the area, but the optimal solution to these routing problems is still years away. In most cases the the routing we have today works, but sub-optimally and sometimes unpredictably. -8-Trust Issues Gateways exchange network routing information. Currently, most gateways accept on faith that the information provided about the state of the network is correct. In the past this was not a big problem since most of the gateways belonged to a single administrative entity (DARPA). Now with multiple wide area networks under different administrations, a rogue gateway somewhere in the net could cripple the Internet. There is design work going on to solve both the problem of Get any book for free on: www. Abika. com T he Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet gateway doing unreasonable things and providing enough information to reasonably route data between multiply connected networks (multi-homed networks). Capacity & Congestion Many portions of the ARPAnet are very congested during the busy part of the day. Additional links are planned to alleviate this congestion, but the implementation will take a few months. 9 These problems and the future direction of the Internet are determined by the Internet Architect (Dave Clark of MIT) being advised by the Internet Activities Board (IAB).This board is composed of chairmen of a number of committees with responsibility for various specialized areas of the Internet. The committees composing the IAB and their chairmen are: Committee Chair Autonomous Networks Deborah Estrin End-to-End Services Bob Braden Internet Architecture Dave Mills Internet Engineering Phil Gross EGP2 Mike Petry Name Domain Planning Doug Kingston Gateway Monitoring Craig Partridge Internic Jake Feinler Performance & Congestion ControlRobert Stine NSF Routing Chuck Hedrick Misc. MilSup Issues Mike St.Johns Privacy Steve Kent IRINET Requirements Vint Cerf Robustness & Survivability Jim Mathis Scientific Requirements Barry Leiner Note that under Internet Engineering, there are a set of task forces and chairs to look at short term concerns. The chairs of these task forces are not part of the IAB. -9Routing Routing is the algorithm by which a network directs a packet from its source to its destination. To appreciate the problem, watch a small child trying to find a table in a restaurant. From the adult point of view the structure of the dining room is seen and an optimal route easily chosen.The child, however, is presented with a set of paths between tables where a good path, let alone the optimal one to the goal is not discernible. *** A little more background might be appropriate. IP gateways (more correctly routers) are boxes which have connections to multiple networks and pass traffic between these nets. They decide how the packet is to be sent based on the information in the IP header of the packet and the state of the network. Get any book for free on: www. Abika. com The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet Each interface on a router has an unique address appropriate to the network to which it is connected.The information in the IP header which is used is primarily the destination address. Other information (e. g. type of service) is largely ignored at this time. The state of the network is determined by the routers passing information among themselves. The distribution of the database (what each node knows), the form of the updates, and metrics used to measure the value of a connection, are the parameters which determine the characteristics of a routing protocol. Under some algorithms each node in the network has complete knowledge of the state of the network (the adult algorithm).This implies the nodes must have larger amounts of local storage and enough CPU to search the large tables in a short enough time (remember this must be done for each packet). Also, routing updates usually contain only changes to the existing information (or you spend a large amount of the network capacity passing around megabyte routing updates). This type of algorithm has several problems. Since the only way the routing information can be passed around is across the network and the propagation time is non-trivial, the view of the network at each node is a correct historical view of the network at varying times in the past. The adult algorithm, but rather than looking directly at the dining area, looking at a photograph of the dining room. One is likely to pick the optimal route and find a bus-cart has moved in to block the path after the photo was taken). These inconsistencies can cause circular routes (called routing loops) where once a packet enters it is routed in a closed path until its time to live (TTL) field expires and it is discarded. Other algorithms may know about only a subset of the network. To prevent loops in these protocols, they are usually used in a hierarchical network.They know completely about their own area, but to leave that area they go to one particular place (the default gateway). Typically these are used in smaller networks (campus, regional†¦ ). -10Routing protocols in current use: Static (no protocol-table/default routing) Don't laugh. It is probably the most reliable, easiest to implement, and least likely to get one into trouble for a small network or a leaf on the Internet. This is, also, the only method available on some CPU-operating system combinations.If a host is connected to an Ethernet which has only one gateway off of it, one should make that the default gateway for the host and do no other routing. (Of course that gateway may pass the reachablity information somehow on the other side of itself). One word of warning, it is only with extreme caution that one should use static ro utes in the middle of a network 10 Get any book for free on: www. Abika. com The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet which is also using dynamic routing. The routers passing dynamic information are sometimes confused by conflicting dynamic and static routes.If your host is on an ethernet with multiple routers to other networks on it and the routers are doing dynamic routing among themselves, it is usually better to take part in the dynamic routing than to use static routes. 11 RIP RIP is a routing protocol based on XNS (Xerox Network System) adapted for IP networks. It is used by many routers (Proteon, cisco, UB†¦ ) and many BSD Unix systems BSD systems typically run a program called â€Å"routed† to exchange information with other systems running RIP. RIP works best for nets of small diameter where the links are of equal speed.The reason for this is that the metric used to determine which path is best is the hop-count. A hop is a traversal across a gateway. So, all machin es on the same Ethernet are zero hops away. If a router connects connects two networks directly, a machine on the other side of the router is one hop away†¦. As the routing information is passed through a gateway, the gateway adds one to the hop counts to keep them consistent across the network. The diameter of a network is defined as the largest hop-count possible within a network. Unfortunately, a hop count of 16 is defined as infinity in RIP meaning the link is down.Therefore, RIP will not allow hosts separated by more than 15 gateways in the RIP space to communicate. The other problem with hop-count metrics is that if links have different speeds, that difference is not -11reflected in the hop-count. So a one hop satellite link (with a . 5 sec delay) at 56kb would be used instead of a two hop T1 connection. Congestion can be viewed as a decrease in the efficacy of a link. So, as a link gets more congested, RIP will still know it is the best hop-count route and congest it eve n more by throwing more packets on the queue for that link.The protocol is not well documented. A group of people are working on producing an RFC to both define the current RIP and to do some extensions to it to allow it to better cope with larger networks. Currently, the best documentation for RIP appears to be the code to BSD â€Å"routed†. Routed The ROUTED program, which does RIP for 4. 2BSD systems, Get any book for free on: www. Abika. com The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet has many options. One of the most frequently used is: â€Å"routed -q† (quiet mode) which means listen to RIP information but never broadcast it.This would be used by a machine on a network with multiple RIP speaking gateways. It allows the host to determine which gateway is best (hopwise) to use to reach a distant network. (Of course you might want to have a default gateway to prevent having to pass all the addresses known to the Internet around with RIP). There are two ways to insert stat ic routes into â€Å"routed†, the â€Å"/etc/gateways† file and the â€Å"route add† command. Static routes are useful if you know how to reach a distant network, but you are not receiving that route using RIP. For the most part the â€Å"route add† command is preferable to use.The reason for this is that the command adds the route to that machine's routing table but does not export it through RIP. The â€Å"/etc/gateways† file takes precedence over any routing information received through a RIP update. It is also broadcast as fact in RIP updates produced by the host without question, so if a mistake is made in the â€Å"/etc/gateways† file, that mistake will soon permeate the RIP space and may bring the network to its knees. One of the problems with â€Å"routed† is that you have very little control over what gets broadcast and what doesn't.Many times in larger networks where various parts of the network are under different administr ative controls, you would like to pass on through RIP only nets which you receive from RIP and you know are reasonable. This prevents people from adding IP addresses to the network which may be illegal and you being responsible for passing them on to the Internet. This -12type of reasonability checks are not available with â€Å"routed† and leave it usable, but inadequate for large networks. 12 Hello (RFC-891) Hello is a routing protocol which was designed and implemented in a experimental software router called a â€Å"Fuzzball† hich runs on a PDP-11. It does not have wide usage, but is the routing protocol currently used on the NSFnet backbone. The data transferred between nodes is similar to RIP (a list of networks and their metrics). The metric, however, is milliseconds of delay. This allows Hello to be used over nets of various link speeds and performs better in congestive situations. One of the most interesting side effects of Hello based networks is their great timekeeping ability. If you consider the problem of measuring delay on a link for the metric, you find that it is not an easy thing toGet any book for free on: www. Abika. com The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet do. You cannot measure round trip time since the return link may be more congested, of a different speed, or even not there. It is not really feasible for each node on the network to have a builtin WWV (nationwide radio time standard) receiver. So, you must design an algorithm to pass around time between nodes over the network links where the delay in transmission can only be approximated. Hello routers do this and in a nationwide network maintain synchronized time within milliseconds. 13Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP RFC-904) EGP is not strictly a routing protocol, it is a reachability protocol. It tells only if nets can be reached through a particular gateway, not how good the connection is. It is the standard by which gateways to local nets inform the ARPAnet of the net s they can reach. There is a metric passed around by EGP but its usage is not standardized formally. Its typical value is value is 1 to 8 which are arbitrary goodness of link values understood by the internal DDN gateways. The smaller the value the better and a value of 8 being unreachable.A quirk of the protocol prevents distinguishing between 1 and 2, 3 and 4†¦ , so the usablity of this as a metric is as three values and unreachable. Within NSFnet the values used are 1, 3, and unreachable. Many routers talk EGP so they can be used for ARPAnet gateways. -13Gated So we have regional and campus networks talking RIP among themselves, the NSFnet backbone talking Hello, and the DDN speaking EGP. How do they interoperate? In the beginning there was static routing, assembled into the Fuzzball software configured for each site.The problem with doing static routing in the middle of the network is that it is broadcast to the Internet whether it is usable or not. Therefore, if a net beco mes unreachable and you try to get there, dynamic routing will immediately issue a net unreachable to you. Under static routing the routers would think the net could be reached and would continue trying until the application gave up (in 2 or more minutes). Mark Fedor of Cornell ([email  protected] tn. cornell. edu) attempted to solve these problems with a replacement for â€Å"routed† called â€Å"gated†. â€Å"Gated† talks RIP to RIP speaking hosts, EGP to EGP speakers, and Hello to Hello'ers.These speakers frequently all live on one Ethernet, but luckily (or unluckily) cannot understand each others ruminations. In addition, under configuration file control it can filter the conversion. For example, one can produce a Get any book for free on: www. Abika. com The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet configuration saying announce RIP nets via Hello only if they are specified in a list and are reachable by way of a RIP broadcast as well. This means that if a rogue network appears in your local site's RIP space, it won't be passed through to the Hello side of the world.There are also configuration options to do static routing and name trusted gateways. This may sound like the greatest thing since sliced bread, but there is a catch called metric conversion. You have RIP measuring in hops, Hello measuring in milliseconds, and EGP using arbitrary small numbers. The big questions is how many hops to a millisecond, how many milliseconds in the EGP number 3†¦. Also, remember that infinity (unreachability) is 16 to RIP, 30000 or so to Hello, and 8 to the DDN with EGP. Getting all these metrics to work well together is no small feat.If done incorrectly and you translate an RIP of 16 into an EGP of 6, everyone in the ARPAnet will still think your gateway can reach the unreachable and will send every packet in the world your way. For these reasons, Mark requests that you consult closely with him when configuring and using â€Å"gated†. -14â € ³Names† All routing across the network is done by means of the IP address associated with a packet. Since humans find it difficult to remember addresses like 128. 174. 5. 50, a symbolic name register was set up at the NIC where people would say â€Å"I would like my host to be named ‘uiucuxc'†.Machines connected to the Internet across the nation would connect to the NIC in the middle of the night, check modification dates on the hosts file, and if modified move it to their local machine. With the advent of workstations and micros, changes to the host file would have to be made nightly. It would also be very labor intensive and consume a lot of network bandwidth. RFC-882 and a number of others describe domain name service, a distributed data base system for mapping names into addresses. We must look a little more closely into what's in a name. First, note that an address specifies a particular connection on a specific network.If the machine moves, the address c hanges. Second, a machine can have one or more names and one or more network addresses (connections) to different networks. Names point to a something which does useful work (i. e. the machine) and IP addresses point to an interface on that provider. A name is a purely symbolic representation of a list of addresses on the network. If a machine moves to a different network, the addresses will change but the name could remain the same. Domain names are tree structured names with the root of the tree at the right. For example: 14 Get any book for free on: www. Abika. om The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet 15 uxc. cso. uiuc. edu is a machine called ‘uxc' (purely arbitrary), within the subdomains method of allocation of the U of I) and ‘uiuc' (the University of Illinois at Urbana), registered with ‘edu' (the set of educational institutions). A simplified model of how a name is resolved is that on the user's machine there is a resolver. The resolver knows how to contac t across the network a root name server. Root servers are the base of the tree structured data retrieval system. They know who is responsible for handling first level domains (e. g. ‘edu').What root servers to use is an installation parameter. From the root server the resolver finds out who provides ‘edu' service. It contacts the ‘edu' name server which supplies it with a list of addresses of servers for the subdomains (like ‘uiuc'). This action is repeated with the subdomain servers until the final subdomain returns a list of addresses of interfaces on the host in question. The user's machine then has its choice of which of these addresses to use for communication. -15A group may apply for its own domain name (like ‘uiuc' above). This is done in a manner similar to the IP address allocation.The only requirements are that the requestor have two machines reachable from the Internet, which will act as name servers for that domain. Those servers could also act as servers for subdomains or other servers could be designated as such. Note that the servers need not be located in any particular place, as long as they are reachable for name resolution. (U of I could ask Michigan State to act on its behalf and that would be fine). The biggest problem is that someone must do maintenance on the database. If the machine is not convenient, that might not be done in a timely fashion.The other thing to note is that once the domain is allocated to an administrative entity, that entity can freely allocate subdomains using what ever manner it sees fit. The Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) Server implements the Internet name server for UNIX systems. The name server is a distributed data base system that allows clients to name resources and to share that information with other network hosts. BIND is integrated with 4. 3BSD and is used to lookup and store host names, addresses, mail agents, host information, and more. It replaces the â€Å"/etc/ho sts† file for host name lookup.BIND is still an evolving program. To keep up with reports on operational problems, future design decisions, etc, join the BIND mailing list by sending a request to â€Å"[email  protected] Berkeley. EDU†. BIND can also be obtained via anonymous FTP from ucbarpa. berkley. edu. There are several advantages in using BIND. One of the most important is that it frees a host from relying on â€Å"/etc/hosts† Get any book for free on: www. Abika. com The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet being up to date and complete. Within the . uiuc. edu domain, only a few hosts are included in the host table distributed by SRI.The remainder are listed locally within the BIND tables on uxc. cso. uiuc. edu (the server machine for most of the . uiuc. edu domain). All are equally reachable from any other Internet host running BIND. BIND can also provide mail forwarding information for interior hosts not directly reachable from the Internet. These hosts c an either be on non-advertised networks, or not connected to a network at all, as in the case of UUCP-reachable hosts. More information on BIND is available in the â€Å"Name Server Operations Guide for BIND† in â€Å"UNIX System Manager's Manual†, 4. 3BSD release.There are a few special domains on the network, like SRINIC. ARPA. The ‘arpa' domain is historical, referring to hosts registered in the old hosts database at the NIC. There are others of the form NNSC. NSF. NET. These special domains are used sparingly and require ample justification. They refer to servers under the administrative control of -16the network rather than any single organization. This allows for the actual server to be moved around the net while the user interface to that machine remains constant. That is, should BBN relinquish control of the NNSC, the new provider would be pointed to by that name.In actuality, the domain system is a much more general and complex system than has been descr ibed. Resolvers and some servers cache information to allow steps in the resolution to be skipped. Information provided by the servers can be arbitrary, not merely IP addresses. This allows the system to be used both by non-IP networks and for mail, where it may be necessary to give information on intermediate mail bridges. 16 What's wrong with Berkeley Unix University of California at Berkeley has been funded by DARPA to modify the Unix system in a number of ways.Included in these modifications is support for the Internet protocols. In earlier versions (e. g. BSD 4. 2) there was good support for the basic Internet protocols (TCP, IP, SMTP, ARP) which allowed it to perform nicely on IP ethernets and smaller Internets. There were deficiencies, however, when it was connected to complicated networks. Most of these problems have been resolved under the newest release (BSD 4. 3). Since it is the springboard from which many vendors have launched Unix implementations (either by porting the existing code or by using it as a model), many implementations (e. g.Ultrix) are still based on BSD 4. 2. Therefore, many implementations still exist with the BSD 4. 2 problems. As time goes on, when BSD 4. 3 trickles through Get any book for free on: www. Abika. com The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet vendors as new release, many of the problems will be resolved. Following is a list of some problem scenarios and their handling under each of these releases. ICMP redirects Under the Internet model, all a system needs to know to get anywhere in the Internet is its own address, the address of where it wants to go, and how to reach a gateway which knows about the Internet.It doesn't have to be the best gateway. If the system is on a network with multiple gateways, and a host sends a packet for delivery to a gateway which feels another directly connected gateway is more appropriate, the gateway sends the sender a message. This message is an ICMP redirect, which politely says â€Å"I' ll deliver this message for you, but you really ought to use that gateway over there to reach this host†. BSD 4. 2 ignores these messages. This creates more stress on the gateways and the local network, since for every packet -17sent, the gateway sends a packet to the originator.BSD 4. 3 uses the redirect to update its routing tables, will use the route until it times out, then revert to the use of the route it thinks is should use. The whole process then repeats, but it is far better than one per packet. Trailers An application (like FTP) sends a string of octets to TCP which breaks it into chunks, and adds a TCP header. TCP then sends blocks of data to IP which adds its own headers and ships the packets over the network. All this prepending of the data with headers causes memory moves in both the sending and the receiving machines.Someone got the bright idea that if packets were long and they stuck the headers on the end (they became trailers), the receiving machine could pu t the packet on the beginning of a page boundary and if the trailer was OK merely delete it and transfer control of the page with no memory moves involved. The problem is that trailers were never standardized and most gateways don't know to look for the routing information at the end of the block. When trailers are used, the machine typically works fine on the local network (no gateways involved) and for short blocks through gateways (on which trailers aren't used).So TELNET and FTP's of very short files work just fine and FTP's of long files seem to hang. On BSD 4. 2 trailers are a boot option and one should make sure they are off when using the Internet. BSD 4. 3 negotiates trailers, so it uses them on its local net and doesn't use them when going across the network. 17 Get any book for free on: www. Abika. com The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet Retransmissions TCP fires off blocks to its partner at the far end of the connection. If it doesn't receive an acknowledgement in a re asonable amount of time it retransmits the blocks.The determination of what is reasonable is done by TCP's retransmission algorithm. There is no correct algorithm but some are better than others, where better is measured by the number of retransmissions done unnecessarily. BSD 4. 2 had a retransmission algorithm which retransmitted quickly and often. This is exactly what you would want if you had a bunch of machines on an ethernet (a low delay network of large bandwidth). If you have a network of relatively longer delay and scarce bandwidth (e. g. 56kb lines), it tends to retransmit too aggressively.Therefore, it makes the networks and gateways pass more traffic than is really necessary for a given conversation. Retransmission algorithms do adapt to the delay of the network -18after a few packets, but 4. 2's adapts slowly in delay situations. BSD 4. 3 does a lot better and tries to do the best for both worlds. It fires off a few retransmissions really quickly assuming it is on a low delay network, and then backs off very quickly. It also allows the delay to be about 4 minutes before it gives up and declares the connection broken. -19Appendix A References to Remedial Information 18Quaterman and Hoskins, â€Å"Notable Computer Networks†, Communications of the ACM, Vol 29, #10, pp. 932-971 (October, 1986). Tannenbaum, Andrew S. , Computer Networks, Prentice Hall, 1981. Hedrick, Chuck, Introduction to the Internet Protocols, Anonymous FTP from topaz. rutgers. edu, directory pub/tcp-ip-docs, file tcp-ip-intro. doc. -20Appendix B List of Major RFCs RFC-768 RFC-791 RFC-792 RFC-793 RFC-821 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Get any book for free on: www. Abika. com The Hitchhikers Guide to the InternetRFC-822 RFC-854 RFC-917 * RFC-919 * RFC-922 * Subnets RFC-940 * RFC-947 * RFC-950 * RFC-959 RFC-966 * Protocol RFC-988 * RFC-997 * RF C-1010 * RFC-1011 * Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages Telnet Protocol Internet Subnets Broadcasting Internet Datagrams Broadcasting Internet Datagrams in the Presence of Toward an Internet Standard Scheme for Subnetting Multi-network Broadcasting within the Internet Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Host Groups: A Multicast Extension to the Internet Host Extensions for IP Multicasting Internet Numbers Assigned Numbers Official ARPA-Internet Protocols 9 RFC's marked with the asterisk (*) are not included in the 1985 DDN Protocol Handbook. Note: This list is a portion of a list of RFC's by topic retrieved from the NIC under NETINFO:RFC-SETS. TXT (anonymous FTP of course). The following list is not necessary for connection to the Internet, but is useful in understanding the domain system, mail system, and gateways: RFC-882 RFC-883 RFC-973 RFC-974 RFC-1009 Domain Names – Concepts and Facilities Domain Names – Implement ation Domain System Changes andObservations Mail Routing and the Domain System Requirements for Internet Gateways -21Appendix C Contact Points for Network Information Network Information Center (NIC) DDN Network Information Center SRI International, Room EJ291 333 Ravenswood Avenue Menlo Park, CA 94025 (800) 235-3155 or (415) 859-3695 [email  protected] ARPA NSF Network Service Center (NNSC) NNSC BBN Laboratories Inc. 10 Moulton St. Cambridge, MA 02238 (617) 497-3400 Get any book for free on: www. Abika. com The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet[email  protected] NSF. NET -22Glossary core gateway The innermost gateways of the ARPAnet. These gateways have a total picture of the reachability to all networks known to the ARPAnet with EGP. They then redistribute reachability information to all those gateways speaking EGP. It is from them your EGP agent (there is one acting for you somewhere if you can reach the ARPAnet) finds out it can reach all the nets on the ARPAnet. Which is th en passed to you via Hello, gated, RIP†¦. ount to infinity The symptom of a routing problem where routing information is passed in a circular manner through multiple gateways. Each gateway increments the metric appropriately and passes it on. As the metric is passed around the loop, it increments to ever increasing values til it reaches the maximum for the routing protocol being used, which typically denotes a link outage. hold down When a router discovers a path in the network has gone down announcing that that path is down for a minimum amount of time (usually at least two minutes).This allows for the propagation of the routing information across the network and prevents the formation of routing loops. split horizon When a router (or group of routers working in consort) accept routing information from multiple external networks, but do not pass on information learned from one external network to any others. This is an attempt to prevent bogus routes to a network from being pr opagated because of gossip or counting to infinity. -23- 20 Get any book for free on: www. Abika. com